047. Assemblies of protest or support

The Massachusetts Bay Colony of the New World was a Puritan theocratic state in the early 1650s. Puritan leaders did not have much tolerance for people of other religions, and as a result, the Puritan government often persecuted and banished religious outsiders who tried to enter and live in their Puritan towns. A fear was embedded in the Puritan society that if they started to admit outsiders, they would lose their political and religious control of the colony.

The 13 English colonies in North America were established and grew during the 17th and 18th centuries. During most of this time, the colonists lived under what historians have termed “salutary neglect,” meaning that the English government mostly left them alone and the colonies prospered under these conditions.

In the summer of 1959, the French government announced plans for a test of the first French atomic bomb in the Sahara in Reggan, Algeria, to support its military and political powers. Also at the time, Algeria was engaged in a war of independence from France. African leaders and organizations protested almost unanimously against nuclear testing in the Sahara and became concerned with the dangers of nuclear fallout in their country as well as France’s colonialist attitude.

Philadelphia gun violence had increased sharply from 2000-2010, which
caused many groups and organizations to take a stance for gun law
reform. James Colosimo, 77 year old owner of a highly successful gun
shop on Spring Garden Street called Colosimo’s, was criticized severely
after the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
(ATF) rated his store one of the five worst gun stores in the country,
based on sales of  guns that were eventually used in crimes.  According
to the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, between 1989-1996,

In September 2014, Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, L.L.C. (TGP), a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P., proposed a 346-mile pipeline to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The proposal included two paths: a 220-mile “supply path” and a 126-mile “market path”. The Kinder Morgan Northeast Energy Direct pipeline (NED) would supply natural gas from fracking fields in Pennsylvania to energy companies in New England. TGP was a well-known gas supplier, having operated in the New England region for over 60 years.

In December of 2013 at The University of Oregon, a group of students founded Divest UO, to persuade the University of Oregon Foundation (the Board of Trustees) to divest from the fossil fuel industry. Over the next two and a half years, Divest UO employed multiple tactics including a mock wedding, numerous sit-ins, and several teach-ins to achieve their goal.

In December of 2006, Eon, an energy company, submitted an application to the Medway council in Kent, England to build coal-fired generating units, the first to be built in England since 1974. The plant would emit more carbon dioxide than the world’s thirty lowest emitting countries combined. Within a few months, two other companies were proposing similar projects, with even more to follow. Eon planned to implement Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), as per the government’s request.

The United States government established, by treaty, the Bad River Reservation in Ashland County, Wisconsin, in 1854.  The treaty allowed members of the Chippewa tribe to retain their rights to hunt and gather food in this area.  In 1995, the Copper Range Mining Company decided to use a technique called solution mining to mine copper.  Solution mining by the Copper Range Mining Company and Inmet, another mining company, required that large shipments of sulfuric acid be transported to the mines on railroad tracks that intersected with the reservation.  Members of the Chip

Agitation in Iran was visible by May 1977 in predominantly intellectual circles. A group of lawyers—upset by the government’s interference in the judiciary—drafted a strongly worded manifesto chronicling the legal abuses that had occurred under the Shah’s regime. Poets formed a Writers’ Association to call for an end to censorship and the activity of SAVAK, the Shah’s secret police. A National Organization of University Teachers began fighting for academic freedom while university and seminary students called for academic freedom in the schools.

On 1 January 2012, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan abruptly removed
the fuel subsidy provided to citizens by the government.  Finance
Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala championed the decision and the country’s
citizens received no prior warning.  The government argued that the
removal of the heavy subsidy would free up funds for other public
services, including health and infrastructure projects, and that the
liberalization of the fuel industry would benefit the economy.  They
also argued that the primary beneficiaries of the subsidy were the

In the late 1980’s, Poland was nearing the end of almost 40 years of postwar communism as part of the Soviet Eastern Bloc. Out of labor organizing earlier in the decade emerged Solidarność (Solidarity), the first non-communist party-controlled trade union federation in a Warsaw Pact country (see Polish workers general strike for economic rights, 1980). Shortly after the rise of Solidarity, the organization expanded into a larger social movement, appealing for economic reforms, free elections, and increased political participation of trade unions.

In 2000, a mining project known as “Progreso VII Derivada,” originally owned by the Canadian company Radius Gold and later sold to the U.S. company Kappes, Cassiday & Associates (KCA), received several licenses from the country’s government for extraction and exploration of over 5,000 acres of land in Guatemala. From this point forward, KCA began building gold mines without the knowledge of local communities in San Jose del Golfo and San Pedro Ayampuc.

United States Midwest farmers fought for agricultural policy reform that would ensure economic stability and sustainable financial support for small-scale farms. A number of rural grassroots organizations, including the Iowa Farm Unity Coalition (IFUC), Citizens Organizing Acting Together (COACT), and the United States Farmers’ Association (USFA) led the family farm crisis movement of the 1980s that demanded federal policy reforms to prevent unfair foreclosures and to secure economic stability for Midwest non-corporate farmers.

Swarthmore College, a small liberal arts institution located 30 minutes from Philadelphia, PA, is renowned for its academic rigor and commitment to cultural inclusivity. During the College’s 2013 "Spring of Discontent" (a term coined by the College’s President, Rebecca Chopp) , the college faced student protest against systemic administrative failures. Multiple student campaigns brought to light issues such as a lack of diversity among students and faculty, fossil fuel divestment, and, most notably, the need for Title IX reform.

In December 2020, the US Justice Department filed a lawsuit against the State of Alabama for unconstitutional conditions in the state’s prisons, alleging that the state “fails to provide adequate protection from prisoner-on-prisoner violence and prisoner-on-prisoner sexual abuse, fails to provide safe and sanitary conditions, and subjects prisoners to excessive force at the hands of prison staff.” The lawsuit followed a report filed in 2019 by the DOJ that described “severe” and “systemic” issues in the state.

On 14 July 2017, three Israeli Palestinians from Umm al-Fahm killed two Israeli police officers in the sacred Temple Mount complex in East Jerusalem. Other surrounding officers immediately responded by fatally shooting the three Israeli Palestinian gunmen. After this incident, the Israeli government increased its security presence in the Old City. Israeli Palestinians protested for two weeks, and the Israeli government withdrew the extra security measures.

In 1988, after being rejected by many landfill sites and governments across the United States and Caribbean, a ship carrying thousands of tons of incinerator ash from Philadelphia dumped half of its contents on a beach in Haiti. This sparked a twelve year campaign, led by the environmental advocacy organization of Greenpeace and a coalition that included multiple Haitian advocacy organizations.

Swarthmore College is a small, private liberal arts college in Pennsylvania. Originally founded as a Quaker school, it purports a deep commitment to social justice and equity. In the spring of 2013, however, the college experienced a period of protests and unrest in the student body over a number of overlapping issues. 

The Marsden Power Station B was originally built on Marsden Point, Ruakākā, Northland, New Zealand in the 1970s as an oil-fired power station, but when construction concluded in the 1980s, oil prices had risen substantially, resulting in the plant not being commissioned. In October 2004, Mighty River Power, a New Zealand-based electric company, applied to the Northland Regional Council, which manages air, land, freshwater, and coastal resources in the Northland region, for resource consent to operate Marsden B power station using coal.

In 2019 in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island territory of the United States, tensions were rising between the citizens and their governor Ricardo Rosselló Nevares. When news outlets leaked hundreds of pages of profane online chat messages between Rosselló and eleven of his close advisors, Puerto Rican citizens began protesting for his resignation by the hundreds of thousands. After two weeks of protests, Rosselló agreed to step down, and Secretary Wanda Vázquez assumed the role of Governor of Puerto Rico. 

In 2003, the National Women’s Conference (ENM), a yearly feminist conference based in Argentina, held a workshop called “Strategies for Abortion Rights” in the nation’s province of Rosario. This workshop inspired the idea for launching a national campaign focused on the right to choose. In May of the following year, feminist groups organized another conference at the University of Buenos Aires to implement proposals from the 2003 ENM.

In January 2015, Alex Friedman, who suffered from muscular dystrophy, uploaded a picture of himself in his wheelchair with the caption “disabled, not half a person” to his Facebook account. The post called for Israel’s government to raise the monthly disability stipend for citizens from its value at the time which was 2,342 NIS ($660), which was roughly half of the monthly minimum wage in Israel at the time.

On 26 March, 2015, U.S. Republican Governor Mike Pence signed Bill 101 into state law after the State Senate approved it by a vote of 40-10. The law, officially titled the “Indiana Religious Freedom Restoration Act” (RFRA), was set to take effect on 1 July, 2015. Bill 101 protects individuals or businesses from government actions that substantially burden their religious beliefs, unless the government demonstrates a “compelling interest” and uses the least restrictive means to enforce the law against those beliefs.

Hong Kong, a special administrative region of China, has spent the last several centuries under the control of alternating powers. In 1942, Britain began its occupation of Hong Kong, following the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanking. Japan occupied the island from 1941-1946, and then Britain gained control again after the Allied Powers won World War II. 

Taiwanese independence has been an important issue in East Asia since the country was established in 1949. Cross-strait tensions between China and Taiwan created tension within Taiwan. The two major political parties in Taiwan, the Kuomintang (KMT) and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), hold opposite positions on how the country should handle their relationship with China. The Kuomintang are a conservative, Chinese nationalist party that ruled in China for 20 years before leaving for Taiwan.